Codes of Ethics are the Most Effective Method of Instilling Ethical Beh

Documentations that state signifi washbasint philosophical principles and make clear the values depicted within an organisation are known as ethical codes. For these codes to be considered effective they are required to be able to define the responsibilities of an organisation to stakeholders, the conduct expected of employees (Kaptein & Wempe, 2002) and articulate the ethical parameters of the organization as to what is acceptable and what is not (Stevens, 1994). While behaviour of course, refers to the ethical behaviour of individuals in organizations. Employee behaviours are purposely designed to be affected by codes, regardless of the close of the script. As much as codes are used to enhance social responsibility and explain the norms and values of the organisation, it would be equally important to consider how codes can influence behaviour. Numerous systems and methods in conjunction with the embedment of ethical codes will be considered to exhibit the effects of ethical beha viour these include analysing the link between look into mechanisms and correlating them to the primary components of a management system. As healthy as portraying how an ethical culture and successful communication stream enhances ethical behaviour amongst employees. In effect these methods are used as an overall message, created by the corporation in an attempt to instil behaviour and effect change through open statements of acceptable behaviour (Stevens, 1994). Codes of ethics are written to guide behaviour, and so any analysis of the impact of a code must include how well it affects behaviour. Contemporary social psychological research such as those done by Ferrell and Gresham as part of their contingency model suggest that, Ethics link up corporate ... .... C. and W. D. Richardson 1994, Ethical Decision Making A Review of the Empirical Litera ture, Jo urnal of Business Ethics 13, 203-221.11.Bowden, P & Smythe, B. (2008). Making codes of ethics meaningful and effective. Kee ping Good Companies. 1 (1), 584-588.12.Stevens, B. (2008). Corporate Ethical Codes Effective Instruments For Influencing Behavior? . Journal of Business Ethics. 78 (4), 601-609.13.Trevino, L. K., G. R. Weaver, D. Gibson and B. L Toeffler 1999, Managing Ethics and Legal Compli ance What Works and What Hurts, California Management Review 41 (2), 131-151.14.Schwartz, M. 2004, Effective Corporate Codes of Ethics Perceptions of Code Users, Journal of Business Ethics 55, 323-343.15.IFAC. (2007). Defining and Developing an Effective Code of Conduct for Organizations . Professional Accountants in Business Committee. 1 (3), 8-21.

Object Oriented Development :: essays research papers

BSA400 Week 3 Individual PaperUniversity of Phoenix, OnlineObject Oriented Development When I first started learning how to write code, I had neer heard the term Object Oriented Development, or even Object Oriented Modeling. Im sure that some form of both(prenominal) of these existed, but they might not have been referred to in exactly those words. Fifteen years of coding later, I was finally indoctrinated in the ways of object orient development.The first language that I learned to use was BASIC, which was very simple and easy to learn. There were no objects per se, and the code was pretty much written from the crimp down. Now that I understand the mechanics of object oriented development, I can see that there were parts of the language that could be considered objects, especially from a blueprint point of view. raze though most of my programs were written from the top down and were executed from the top down, a lot of them incorporated logic that was reused seven-fold tim es. Blocks of code that contained that logic could usually be segregated from the rest of the code. Instead of appearing multiple times, these blocks would be written only once, but called multiple times. subsequently BASIC, the next language that I learned was Pascal, named after the seventeenth century French mathematician. Compared to BASIC, Pascal was a much more organized language, with the code obscure into actual blocks demarcated with BEGIN and END statements. Against my instructors wishes, as well as popular programming practice, I still coded from the top down. I pronounce this would have been an issue if I was entering code on punch cards. Luckily, though, these programs were all on monitors, so I could go back and forth with the document, correcting errors and changing the code where necessary.After Pascal, I learned a few more languages, slowly realizing that maybe it wasnt a great idea to eternally code from the top down. Another bad habit that I was slowly trying to rid myself of was writing code with knocked out(p) a design document. A design document can be written in either plain English or pseudo code. With plain English, I would just write out what each part of the program should do, and then translate those concepts into code. Pseudo code is a cross between plain English and full code, using elements of both. Even though it might not be easily readable by someone without a working knowledge of that particular language, a lot of the time it could be figured out fairly quickly.

Informative Essay: German Culture: Facts, Customs and Traditions

Come drink a Bit burger and eat a yummy wiener schnitzel in Ger legion(predicate) Germany is just slightly smaller than the state of Montana in the United States. In addition, Germany is located in central europium and borders the North Sea and Baltic Sea in the Netherlands and, Poland. The culture built around Germany has a foundation of Art, Literature, Sports, Food, and Music. In addition, Germanys torn past everyplace war of its modern day is very different form our own, but is very similar in many other ways. However to truly go out the unique culture of Germany, i must know the origin of the unique Arts, Literature, Sports, Food and, Music, that Germany is known for. Germany has many interesting facts. Germans wear their wedding peal on their right hand instead of the left hand as it is in the United States. German students go to school 220 days a form instead of 180 like United States students do. They also have a 500-year purity law that is regarding to their b eer. This law makes it where Germany can only have hops, malt, yeast, and water in their beer. In Germany, they allow their animals in restaurants, churches, and other public places. When eating, do not put your left hand in your lap they consider that as spirit like your feeding the dog. Germans do a lot of bicycle riding all around there country and, it is one of their favorite recreations. These are many interesting facts about Germany and the people of Germany. Culture and lifestyle in Germany is not quite, as it is in the United States. Germany is a very small country with more or less of the best cuisines. Foods that are most associated with Germany are Sauerkraut and Bratwurst, with a pitcher of lager. These traditional foods hold special meanings to the... ...y is known as the Bundeswehr. In the States of Germany, they are not allowed to save armed forces of their own. However, since the German Constitution states that depending on the matters of defense it ca n fall into the sole responsibility of the federal government. German Bundeswehr has two quits of their military, one part is the military portion and the second part is the civil part with the armed forces. German military consists of the Army, Navy, Air force and Central Medical services. Due to the memorial and the present rebuilding of Germany, there is a great variety of aspects in German Life. Everything from food to sports has its own style. All of which is a whole that makes up one great small piece of land. In addition, the culture cant be considered great without its variety and what it has to offer. What do you know about Germany?

Tennessee v. Garner 1985 Essay -- Supreme Court Decision Essays Case

NameTennessee v. GarnerCitationNo. 83-1035, 83-1070 (1985)FactsOn October 3, 1974, Memphis jurisprudence Officers Hymon and Wright were dispatched to answer a prowler inside call. When the police arrived at the scene, a neighbor gestured to the house where she had heard glass breaking and that someone was breaking into the house. While one of the ships officer radioed that they were on the scene, the other officer went to the rear of the house hearing a door slam and saw someone run across the backyard. The suspect, Edward Garner halt at a 6-feet-high fence at the edge of the yard and proceeded to climb the fence as the police officer called out police, halt. The police officer figure that if Garner made it over the fence he would get away and also figured that Garner was unarmed. Officer Hymon then shot him, hitting him in the back of the head. In using deadly force to prevent the escape of Garner, Hymon used the argument that actions were made under the authority of the Tenness ee statute and pursuant to Police Department policy. Although the departments policy was slightly more restrictive than the statute it still allowed the use of deadly force in cases of burglary. Garners fathers argument was made that his son was shot unconstitutionally because he was captured and shot possessing ten dollars that he had stolen and being unarmed showing no threat of insecurity to the officer. The incident was then reviewed by the Memphis Police Firearms Revie...

Gender Inequality: Problems and Solutions :: Gender Sex Male Female Essays

The give away of gender variation is one which has been publiclyreverberating through with(predicate) society for decades. The trouble of inequality inemployment being one of the most pressing issues today. In set to examinethis situation one must try to get to the root of the problem and mustunderstand the sociological situationors that cause women to clear a ofttimes moredifficult time acquire the same benefits, wages, and job opportunities as theirmale counterparts. The society in which we live has been shaped historically bymales. The policy-makers have consistently been male and therefore it is notsurprising that our society reflects those biases which exist as a result ofthis male-domination. It is important to examine all facets of this problem, butin order to fully tackle the issue one must recognize that this inequality inthe workforce is rooted in what shapes future employees and employers--education. This paper provide examine the inequalities in policy, actua l teachingsituations, admission to post-secondary institutions, hiring, and job benefitsand wages. It will also tackle what is being done to solve this problem and whatcan be done to remedy the situation.The late mid-sixties brought on the world-class real indication that feminist groupswere concerned with the education system in North America. The focussing of thesefeminist groups captured the attention of teachers, p bents, and students. Atfirst the evidence for inequality in schooling was based on no more thanspecific case studies and anecdotal references to support their claims but asmore people began to show concern for the situation, more conclusive researchwas done to show that the claims of inequality were in fact valid and definitelyindicated a problem with the way that schools were educating the future adultsof society. One of the problems which became apparent was the fact that thepolicy-makers set a curriculum which, as shown specifically through textbooks,was sexist and for the most part fluid is.Textbooks are one of the most important tools used in educating studentswhether they are elementary school storybooks or university medical textbooks.It is therefore no surprise that these books are some of the most crucialinformation sources that a student has throughout their schooling. Many studieshave been done examining the limit of these books to reveal the amount ofsexism displayed in these educational tools. The results clearly show thatgender inequality definitely runs rampant in textbooks some of the sexism subtleand some overt. To deject with, it is apparent that historical texts show adistorted view of women by portraying them unfairly and inaccurately andGender Inequality Problems and Solutions Gender Sex Male Female EssaysThe issue of gender inequality is one which has been publiclyreverberating through society for decades. The problem of inequality inemployment being one of the most pressing issues today. In order to examinethis s ituation one must try to get to the root of the problem and mustunderstand the sociological factors that cause women to have a much moredifficult time getting the same benefits, wages, and job opportunities as theirmale counterparts. The society in which we live has been shaped historically bymales. The policy-makers have consistently been male and therefore it is notsurprising that our society reflects those biases which exist as a result ofthis male-domination. It is important to examine all facets of this problem, butin order to fully tackle the issue one must recognize that this inequality inthe workforce is rooted in what shapes future employees and employers--education. This paper will examine the inequalities in policy, actual teachingsituations, admission to post-secondary institutions, hiring, and job benefitsand wages. It will also tackle what is being done to solve this problem and whatcan be done to remedy the situation.The late 1960s brought on the first real indication that feminist groupswere concerned with the education system in North America. The focus of thesefeminist groups captured the attention of teachers, parents, and students. Atfirst the evidence for inequality in schooling was based on no more thanspecific case studies and anecdotal references to support their claims but asmore people began to show concern for the situation, more conclusive researchwas done to show that the claims of inequality were in fact valid and definitelyindicated a problem with the way that schools were educating the future adultsof society. One of the problems which became apparent was the fact that thepolicy-makers set a curriculum which, as shown specifically through textbooks,was sexist and for the most part still is.Textbooks are one of the most important tools used in educating studentswhether they are elementary school storybooks or university medical textbooks.It is therefore no surprise that these books are some of the most crucialinformation sources that a student has throughout their schooling. Many studieshave been done examining the contents of these books to reveal the amount ofsexism displayed in these educational tools. The results clearly show thatgender inequality definitely runs rampant in textbooks some of the sexism subtleand some overt. To begin with, it is apparent that historical texts show adistorted view of women by portraying them unfairly and inaccurately and

Gender Inequality: Problems and Solutions :: Gender Sex Male Female Essays

The issue of gender inequality is ane which has been publiclyreverberating through alliance for decades. The problem of inequality inemployment being one(a) of the most pressing issues today. In night club to interpretthis situation one must return to get to the root of the problem and mustunderstand the sociological factors that cause women to have a much more thandifficult time getting the homogeneous benefits, wages, and job opportunities as theirmale counterparts. The society in which we live has been shaped historically bymales. The policy-makers have systematically been male and thus it is not affect that our society reflects those biases which exist as a result ofthis male-domination. It is important to bear witness all facets of this problem, butin order to fully tackle the issue one must recognize that this inequality inthe workforce is rooted in what shapes future employees and employers--education. This paper will examine the inequalities in policy, actual teach ingsituations, approach to post-secondary institutions, hiring, and job benefitsand wages. It will also tackle what is being through to solve this problem and whatcan be done to remedy the situation.The late 1960s brought on the first real indication that womens liberationist groupswere concerned with the education system in North America. The focus of thesefeminist groups captured the attention of teachers, pargonnts, and students. Atfirst the grounds for inequality in schooling was based on no more thanspecific case studies and anecdotal references to maintain their claims but asmore state began to show concern for the situation, more conclusive researchwas done to show that the claims of inequality were in fact sound and definitelyindicated a problem with the federal agency that schools were educating the future adultsof society. One of the problems which became observable was the fact that thepolicy-makers set a curriculum which, as shown specifically through textbooks,wa s male chauvinist and for the most part still is.Textbooks are one of the most important tools used in educating studentswhether they are elementary school storybooks or university medical textbooks.It is therefore no surprise that these books are or so of the most crucialinformation sources that a student has throughout their schooling. Many studieshave been done examining the contents of these books to publish the amount ofsexism displayed in these educational tools. The results all the way show thatgender inequality definitely runs rampant in textbooks some of the sexism subtleand some overt. To begin with, it is apparent that historical texts show a misrepresented view of women by portraying them unfairly and inaccurately andGender Inequality Problems and Solutions Gender Sex Male Female EssaysThe issue of gender inequality is one which has been publiclyreverberating through society for decades. The problem of inequality inemployment being one of the most pressing issues today. In order to examinethis situation one must try to get to the root of the problem and mustunderstand the sociological factors that cause women to have a much moredifficult time getting the same benefits, wages, and job opportunities as theirmale counterparts. The society in which we live has been shaped historically bymales. The policy-makers have consistently been male and therefore it is notsurprising that our society reflects those biases which exist as a result ofthis male-domination. It is important to examine all facets of this problem, butin order to fully tackle the issue one must recognize that this inequality inthe workforce is rooted in what shapes future employees and employers--education. This paper will examine the inequalities in policy, actual teachingsituations, admission to post-secondary institutions, hiring, and job benefitsand wages. It will also tackle what is being done to solve this problem and whatcan be done to remedy the situation.The late 1960s brou ght on the first real indication that feminist groupswere concerned with the education system in North America. The focus of thesefeminist groups captured the attention of teachers, parents, and students. Atfirst the evidence for inequality in schooling was based on no more thanspecific case studies and anecdotal references to support their claims but asmore people began to show concern for the situation, more conclusive researchwas done to show that the claims of inequality were in fact valid and definitelyindicated a problem with the way that schools were educating the future adultsof society. One of the problems which became apparent was the fact that thepolicy-makers set a curriculum which, as shown specifically through textbooks,was sexist and for the most part still is.Textbooks are one of the most important tools used in educating studentswhether they are elementary school storybooks or university medical textbooks.It is therefore no surprise that these books are some of the most crucialinformation sources that a student has throughout their schooling. Many studieshave been done examining the contents of these books to reveal the amount ofsexism displayed in these educational tools. The results clearly show thatgender inequality definitely runs rampant in textbooks some of the sexism subtleand some overt. To begin with, it is apparent that historical texts show adistorted view of women by portraying them unfairly and inaccurately and

Fin 516 Quiz 1

1. oral sex (TCO C) Blease Inc. has a capital budget of $625,000, and it wants to maintain a target capital structure of 60 percentdebt and 40 percentequity. The bon ton forecasts a net income of $475,000. If it follows the residual dividend policy, what is its forecasted dividend payout ratio? (a) 40. 61% (b) 42. 75% (c) 45. 00% (d) 47. 37% (e) 49. 74% bookman Answer (d) 47. 37 im straggleiality required (Residual income) = $625,000*40% = $250,000 Dividend paid = $475,000 $250,000 = $225,000 Dividend payout ratio = 225000/475000 = 47. 37% instructor news report Answer is dText pp. 570-572 Residual Dividends, Chapter 14 Capital budget $625,000 Equity ratio 40% Net income (NI) $475,000 Dividends paid = NI (Equity ratio)(Capital budget) $225,000 Dividend payout ratio = Dividends paid/NI 47. 37% Points Received 10 of 10 Comments 2. Question (TCO F) The following data applies to Saunders Corporations convertible bonds Maturity 10 Stock hurt $30. 00 Par surve y $1,000. 00 Conversion impairment $35. 00 Annual coupon 5. 00% Straight-debt feed 8. 00% What is the bonds conversion value? (a) $698. 15 (b) $734. 89 (c) $773. 57 (d) $814. 29 e) $857. 14 Student Answer (e) $857. 14 Conversion ratio = Par value / Conversion Price= 28. 5714 =1000/35 Current share harm= $30. 00 Therefore, conversion value of the bond= $857. 14 =28. 571430 Instructor Explanation Answer is e Chapter 19 pp. 770-774 Conversion value = Conversion ratio x Market price of stock = $857. 14 Points Received 10 of 10 Comments 3. Question (TCO B) SA Your fuddled has debt worth $350,000, with a yield of 12. 5 percent, and equity worth $700,000. It is growing at aseven percent rate, and faces a 40 percent tax revenue rate.A similar firm with no debt has a cost equity of 17 percent. down the stairs the MM extension with growth, what is its cost of equity? (a) 19. 25% (b) 21. 75% (c) 18. 0% (d) 17. 5% (e) 18. 4% Student Answer Instructor Explanation A is position. Instructor Explanation M & M Extension with Growth Section 26. 4 (pp. 1011-1015) rsL = rsU + (rsU rd)(D/S) 19. 25% = 17% + (17%-12. 5%)(350,000/700,000) Points Received 10 of 20 Comments this is you emailed solution 4. (TCO B) SA Your firm has debt worth $350,000, with a yield of 12. 5 percent, and equity worth $700,000.It is growing at a seven percent rate, and faces a 40 percent tax rate. A similar firm with no debt has a cost equity of 17 percent. Under the MM extension with growth, what is its cost of equity? My answer is (d) 17. 5% rsL = rsU + (rsU rd)(D/S) 17. 5% = 15% + (15%-10%)(200,000/400,000 I am not sure where you got the 15% number for the rsU or the 200,000 for D or the 400,000 for S the calculations and formula are correct but you used all incorrect inputs so I will give you 1/2 credit A is correct. Instructor Explanation M & M Extension with Growth Section 26. (pp. 1011-1015) rsL = rsU + (rsU rd)(D/S) 19. 25% = 17% + (17%-12. 5%)(350,000/70 0,000) 4. Question (TCO B) Firm L has debt with a market value of $200,000 and a yield of nine percent. The firms equity has a market value of $300,000, its earnings are growing at afive percentrate, and its tax rate is 40 percent. A similar firm with no debt has a cost of equity of 12 percent. Under the MM extension with growth, what would Firm Ls total value be if it had no debt? (a) $358,421 (b) $377,286 (c) $397,143 (d) $417,000 (e) $437,850 Student Answer (c) $397,143 VTotal = VU + VTS, so VU = VTotal VTS = D + S VTS. Value tax shelter = VTS = rdTD/(rsU g) = 0. 09(0. 40)($200,000)/(0. 12 0. 05) = $102,857 VU = $300,000 + $200,000 $102,857 = $397,143 Instructor Explanation Answer is c Chapter 26, pp. 1011-1015 Debt $200,000 Equity $300,000 rd 9% rsU 12% T 40% g 5% Firm L has a total value of $200,000 + $300,000 = $500,000. A similar firm with no debt should have a smaller valu(e) Here is the calculation VTotal = VU + VTS, so VU = VTotal VTS = D + S VTS. Value t ax shelter = VTS = rdTD/(rsU g) = 0. 9(0. 40)($200,000)/(0. 12 0. 05) = $102,857 VU = $300,000 + $200,000 $102,857 = $397,143 Points Received 20 of 20 Comments 5. Question (TCO A) Which of the following statements is CORRECT? (a) An options value is determined by its exercise value, which is the market price of the stock less its striking price. Thus, an option cant sell for much than its exercise value. (b) As the stocks price rises, the time value portion of an option on a stock increases because the difference between the price of the stock and the fixed strike price increases. c) Issuing options provides companies with a low cost method of raising capital. (d) The market value of an option depends in part on the options time to maturity and also on the variability of the underlying stocks price. (e) The potential loss on an option decreases as the option sells at high and higher prices because the profit margin gets bigger. Student Answer (c) Issuing options provides companies with a low cost method of raising capital. Instructor Explanation Answer is d Chapter 8, pp. 306-310 Points Received 0 of 20 Comments Companies do not issue Options they are a trading vehicle of the exchanges no capital from options go to the firm 6. Question (TCO F) Suppose the December CBOT Treasury bond futures bewilder has a quoted price of 80-07. What is the implied annual interest rate inherent in the futures contract? Assume this contract is based on a 20 year Treasury bond with semi-annual interest payments. The face value of the bond is $1000, and the semi-annual coupon payments are $30. The annual coupon rate on the bonds is $60 per bond (or 6%).The futures contract has 100 bonds. (a) 6. 86% (b) 7. 22% (c) 7. 60% (d) 8. 00% (e) 8. 40% Student Answer (d) 8% advert 8007 0. 80 0. 07 N 40 PV = (0. 80+0. 07/32) ? $1,000 = -$802. 1875 FV = $1,000 PMT = $30 I/YR = 4. 00% Annual rate I/YR ? 2 = 8. 00% Instructor Explanation Answer is d Chap ter 23, pp. 917-923 Answer Detail Quote 80-07 0. 80 0. 07 N 40 PV = (0. 80+0. 07/32) ? $1,000 = -$802. 1875 FV = $1,000 PMT = $30 I/YR = 4. 00% Annual rate I/YR ? 2 = 8. 00% Points Received 20 of 20 Comments

African Americans Civil War Essay

This paper is fundawork forcetally about the influence African the Statesns had on the civilian War. The subjects being addressed complicate coloured soldiers, the Underground Railroad, Frederick Douglass, religion, and the abolitionist movement. The integral impressiveness of African Americans in the Civil War is that they changed the meaning and effection of the fight from being about fusion to being about slavery, and the emancipation of slaves.In the areas of participating in the warfare in twain employment and lecturing, the paper delves into the reasons behind much(prenominal) action, and the national effect of African American participation in all of the aforementioned areas. We were at times remarkable buoyant, apprisal Hymns, and making joyous exclamations, almost as jubilant in their tone as if we had reached a land Of freedom and safety. A keen observer might keep up Detected in our repeated singing of O Cannan, sweet Canaan I am bound for the land of Canaan, Something more than a hope of reaching heaven. We Meant to reach the North, and the North was ourCanaan. -Frederick Douglass Introduction The importance of the lightlessness culture during the years of the Civil War can non be expressed without a discussion of slavery, abolition, and the freedom the African American aftermath faced. In the southeastward as well as the North, prejudice abounded, and in that particular is assemble the fettered movement of the African Americans. In this paper, the issues of freed pitch blacknesss in the Civil War lead be addressed these include but certainly are non limited to slavery, abolition, religion, black soldiers, the Underground Railroad and of course Frederick Douglass.In the course of the side by side(p) pages, these topics entrust be discussed with brief historical accounts using textual evidence, and the sentiments of the tension between, non only if the master-slave relationship, but also the relationship of exsanguinous offi cers and black soldiers. It is the duty of history to extol the accounts of the brave men and women who made freedom possible for an entire race in this paper, a glimpse of those people and the adversity they challenged will be aggrandized and the essence of black culture and their contribution to their stimulate rebellion will be dissected.In the influence of African American mores and determine and their demand in history over a few decades during the Civil war, it is freedom and the right to express themselves without prejudice, that bring ups them a strong people, and in this paper those influences on America will be made explicit. Why are African Americans at War The idea of African Americans at war during the Civil War is an exercise that can be found in the crescendo of abolitionist speeches.Freed blacks wished to be at war to free their brothers and sisters who were still slaves they were at war for many reasons. The weep to war could not have been met with any more gu sto than it was meet in the black community, as McPherson (1965) quotes You, ovalbumin fellow-citizens, constitute a very queen-size majority of the voters Therefore we appeal to you to stand by us, and see that we are not unjustly punishedWe are weak-you are strong. We are few in numbers you are numerous. O, men of MassachusettsTell us not that there are two kinds of rights rights of the rich, which you respect because you must rights of the poor, on which you trample because you assume Freedom has been your legacy from birth by some of us it has been achieved. We know what oppression is protect us from this political scienceal oppressionSome of us have experienced the unutterable anguish of leaving our dear ones for the sake of freedom. We appeal to you to secure and protect us in the freedom which we have sought. Let us not be exiled form the State of our adoption (15).McPherson goes on to state that in the freed blacks their was a ferocity to be done with the injustice deli vered to them, and the outlet for such animosity could be found in Lincolns call to arms for volunteers to staunch the south rebellion. The Union could only be re-united through war African American roles were pivotal in the outcome. There could be no compromise in the issue of slavery men were born free, not sold, not bartered. The African American influence in this cipher was their quick approval of such sentiment and their quick action to restore themselves as human.McPherson further emphasizes the nescient reaction for action on the part of free blacks, As we sympathize with our white fellow-citizen at the present crisis, and to show that we can and do feel fire in the present state of affairs and as we consider ourselves American citizens and interested in the Commonwealth of all our white fellow-citizens, although deprived of all our political rights, we yet wish the government of the United States to be sustained against the tyranny of slavery, and are willing to assist i n any honorable panache or manner to sustain the present Administration.We therefore tender to the state the services of the Hannibal Guards (20). There should be not question as to why African Americans so whole-heartedly participated in the Civil War. In the following pages, their participation as soldiers, as Underground Railroad conductors and as a race ready to be better and rid of the fetters that shackle them, will be explored, explained, and expounded upon. Black Soldiers It is often misjudged the amount of free blacks who participated in their own emancipation.As slaves, African Americans were subject to ineffable amounts of suffering and pain Mothers and sisters were forced into prostitution, men were separated from their families and the entire race was thought of as less than human, a savagery of mankind. With these sentiments and the labor forced upon them, the simple act of combat in rebellion against such strife and animosity should come as little surprise when rea ding the history books. The driving force of export in the South was built upon black labor, and the disillusionment that such labor could be forever enslaved was ludicrous.The types of influence that African Americans had during such a time were found in the ever-popular blues music, and gospel. While working in the fields it was song that men, women, and children would turn to, to pass the time and feel united. This however is only a delicate scope of the participation African Americans played during the infant conception of our country . During the Civil War, blacks were enlisted as soldiers. The sentiment was very diverse in this subject.Some Yankee whites did not agree with blacks participating with them, they held a dichotomy of views between wanting the blacks to be free and having them serve with them. In this regard, black regiments were incepted and it was agreed that the commanders of these regiments would be retired white military leaders so that the general populace still felt the commodity of safety when thinking about blacks serving in the war with whites. hence prejudice is proved to be very much alive even in the cultured North. In McPhersons book The Negros Civil War (1965), he states,Despite the fact that Negro soldiers had fought for the United States in the Revolution and in the War of 1812, a federal law barred morose men from serving in state militias, and there were no Negroes in the regular United States Army. A group of Boston Negroes met in the Twelfth Baptist perform on April 23 to call for the abate of laws that kept colored men out of the army. Robert Morris, a Negro lawyer in Boston, declared that if the Government would only take away the disability, there was not a man who would not leap for his knapsack and musket, and they would make it intolerable hot for Old Virginia.On April 29 a Negro drill company was organized in Boston, and in subsequent weeks the colored men of Massachusetts sent several petitions to the legisl ature praying for the repeal of discriminatory militia laws (20). In this quote is found the discriminatory actions of the side of the war that is supposed to be sympathetic towards the plight of African Americans. Though it could not considered direct hostility, the fact that at first blacks were denied to participate physically in their own emancipation was a deterring event in the process of freedom.During the course of the war it should also be cited the black regiments proved themselves with valor and without trepidation. It is documented that the Secretary of War denied the right of blacks to participate in engagement . The general fears of the Northern states were negated, and this fact is found in particular true for the victory in Port Hudson. Colonel Higginsons regiment on May 27, 1863 (a black regiment) fought against a Confederate stronghold, and though they were not victorious, they gained the accolades of the white regiments for their bravado during the battle.As McP herson quotes of this episode, The self-forgetfulness, the undaunted heroism, and the great endurance of the negro, as exhibited that day, created a new chapter in American history for the colored man (185) . In this event, prejudice was all but vanquished from the white soldiers minds. The influence witnessed and recorded here proves undeniably that African Americans were essential in the fight against slavery, and the eventual event of their own freedom as well as staunching the belief system of the majority Northern sentimentality.To further expound on these heroic traits brought forth by black regiments, and the clouded judgment of white soldiers and officers, McPherson offers these accounts on the prejudice and the overcoming of such bigotry, A white officer of engineers who had witnessed the assault declared that you have no idea how my prejudices with regard to negro troops have been dispelled by the battle the other day. The brigade of negroes behaved magnificently and foug ht splendidly could not have done better.They are far professional in discipline to the white troops, and just as brave. And the moderate New York Times, commenting on the reports of the battle, state that this official testimony settles the question that the negro race can fightIt is no longer possible to doubt the bravery and steadiness of the colored race, when rightly ledA Philadelphia Negro wrote privately on June 11, 1863, that public sentiment has undergone a great change in the past month or two, and more especially since the brilliant exploits of the several colored regiments (185-187)Indubitably, the values the Northern states once held about blacks quickly vanished with word coming from the battle field of the African Americans own fortitude in fighting against their former oppressors.Prior to the war, Northern states held similar attitudes that the Southern states exuded that of African Americans being a weaker race, and thus justifiably enslaved, as Glatthaar expresses in Forged in action (1991), Yet like Southerners, Northern whites had powerful prejudices against blacksIt was one thing, most Northerners reasoned, to regard the enslavement of the black race as cruel and inhumane it was another to pick out Northerners to regard blacks as their equals or welcome them as neighbors and friends (11-12).The polished earthquake that the blacks gave to the whites during the Civil War was their unflinching determination during battle. To remedy the unjustified sentiments of the Northern populace, black regiments were mandated with white officers. This structure retarded the advancement of worthy black soldiers, and further impressed upon the African American race that they were oppressed. However, the struggle to be allowed to be soldiers was such that when granted the opportunity, the qualms of the arrangement were shadowed by the joy to actually be allowed to fight in battle.Though the influence of black regiments during the Civil War is concrete in history, the conclusion of such an arrangement was debilitating to the idea of ending slavery. Black regiments were not at first allowed to be commanded by an African American officer, but as Glatthaar states, From the very beginning it was evident that white men would officer these new black units. Lincoln and the War Department believed they must make this program as palatable as possible to the Northern public and soldiery, to diminish the controversy in an already controversial proposal.One of the best mode to do that was to reassure Northern citizens that white men would always be in charge (35) In the false reasoning of these displays of military obstinacies, blacks were commanded by (as said prior) retired white officers . This arrangement furthered the absurdity of the assumed inferiority of blacks, as Glatthaar further extrapolates, Because most Americans had doubts about the innate ability of blacks to fight effectively, they hoped that highly competent white officers wo uld significantly upgrade black units. Here again, blacks felt the severe constraint of prejudicial contradictions.On the one hand, casting aside the numerous examples in American history in which blacks had fought well, substantial numbers of both soldiers and civilians believed that blacks were inferior humans, more akin to savages, and therefore would be extremely difficult to control once in a killing frenzythe conclusion was that the best white men could handle the immense responsibility of commanding black soldiersOf course, barring blacks from command positions strangle their opportunities for advancement, but ideally the selection process would secure quality officers , who in turn would help build outstanding black unitsTo ensure its continuation and success, for the social welfare of all blacks, many believed it was best to give them the finest officers available-who happened to be whit veterans. Once the public began to accept black soldiers and acknowledge their wartim e contributions, then they could resurrect the idea of black officers (35-36)In the influence that black soldiers had on the Civil War it is apparent that the strides taken with the community of African Americans had an overwhelming effect on the preconceived notions both the North and the South had about blacks, and in this discovery is shown the strength of that race to prove not only to these sides but to themselves that united they could share in battle the fighting as well as the victory. The Underground Railroad With any discussion concerning the influence African Americans had on the Civil War and by fender on America it is in the Underground Railroad that a true staple of American history was ignited. African Americans not only found their way to freedom through the succor of sympathizers but were themselves strongly involved with aiding other slaves onto the road to a new and free life. There was a great load down of religious peoples involved in the success of theUndergr ound Railroad but African Americans were the third pillar of this unique system . In the Free states of the Union, especially those that bordered the Ohio River, their strength in numbers was overwhelming . The rivers surrounding Northern states were very reliant upon the water as a means of transportation and it helped escape slaves cross over from Kentucky. Along with helping to aid the recently freed blacks, fellow African Americans were conductors, and agents helping to signal when and where a man should go, and other black hamlets, which abounded skinny the rivers, were key holding areas where fugitives could rest, and eat, regaining strength before continuing onto the next leg of the journey.As Bordewich writes in Bound for Canaan (2005), In the Sardinia area, north of Ripley, reputedly the most reliable conductor for many years was a freed slave named John D. Hudson, a man of good intellect and powerful physique and when wild of no more fear than a mad bull as Beck describe d him (200). One extraordinary account of freed slaves is witnessed in Lancaster County in Pennsylvania. This county was home to bourgeois Germans, Amish, and Mennonites as well as Quakers. This county was home to hundreds of fugitives, who were either just arriving or leaving to find their homes up North as far as Canada. or so of the fugitives, however, found themselves gainfully employed, and had even made houses for themselves. Since the population was growing with fugitives, the spot was a magnet for slave hunters.As Bordewich states of Lancaster County, In 1851 Lancasters blacks lived in a state of permanent high alert against gangs of night-riding kidnappers who broke into cabins without warning, seized men and women in their sleep, and carried away entire families (326). 1851 was a year for great influence in the African American culture. Their work with the Underground Railroad had verified that their strength in numbers could bring about great change. Bordewich brings to the forefront of the railroad system the efforts of Lewis Hayden, Jermain Loguen, and William Parker and states, These men knew instinctively that the tide of history was running in their favor.The Christiana resistance had been planned and carried out entirely by African Americans, who had faced down the federal government and won, showing for all to see that blacks could and would defend themselves on a field of battleBlacks had always played an assertive and sometimes dominant role indoors the clandestine purlieus of the underground, but this was the first time that they had done so in the open, and in the heart of two major cities, no less (343). Bordewich describes the Underground Railroad, not as a fixed system that does not alter to changing needs, but as a diverse system abundant in adaptability and the herald to rapidly change in a threatening event.These changes were house, and shelter changes, as well route changes that the fugitives could travel to safety by. The imme nse influence the African Americans had in altering the Civil War is found not just by their escaping and using of the railroad, but also by their integral roles in aiding other fugitives in escape. Bordewich states, The Underground Railroad is often visualized as a fixed system that , once established, was rarely altered. In actuality, routes were always in fluxLevi coffin stated that during his lifetime he had directly and indirectly aided about thirty-three hundred fugitives to escape from slavery (230). This number is just a small amount compared to all the fugitives aided by the Underground Railroad .

Changes in Business Environment

Anyone who is familiar with the major fundamental laws in their ara probably has observed firsthand how dramatically the line environment has changed in recent years. These changes have had a significant feign on organisational efforts to be successful. In practically every instance organizations have tried to more than clearly identify and thus sharpen on factors that impact their success. One factor that fronts to be receiving more oversight than any other are the people who bet for organizations.What organizations are realizing is that their likeliness of sustain success is most dependent on learning to get the maximum out of their employees. Such a realization has had a significant impact on the practice of human resources management (HRM). Whats more, business forecasters predict that the intention of employees, managers, and HRM personnel are likely to see more changes in the decades ahead. Thus, individuals entering the business environment today (and tomorrow) r equire both an understanding of the importance of human resources and effective HRM to organisational success.As we move further into the twenty-first century, its becoming utterly clear that the effective management of an organizations human resources is a major source of competitive advantage and may even be the single most classical determinant of an organizations surgical operation over the long term. Organizations have started to realize that their success is dependent on their ability to attract, develop, and retain talented employees.Robert Reich emphasizes this point when he suggests that in the future, the organizations ability to attract, develop, and retain a talented workforce will be a critical factor in developing a high-performance organization. The long-term, sustained success of an organization in todays changing and challenging business environment involves outstrip managements commitment to designing and implementing HRM programs geared to developing both hig h-performing employees and organizations.This means that top management anticipates the future need for employees and develops specific plans to obtain, develop, and retain the type of employees who meet the needs of a high-performing organization. Only by anticipating and operative toward the development and retention of the proper(a) type of employees can any organization expect to be successful in a global, dynamic, and continuously changing competitive environment. An important element of organisational success is an HRM strategy where every manager is an HRM manager.For example, every manager must be expected to set goals for the development and satisfaction of employees. Second, every employee is viewed as a valuable resource, just like buildings and equipment. The organizations success is dependent upon high-performing employees, and without such employees there is no competitive advantage for the organization. Finally, through effective HRM programs the organizations goals are successfully coordinated with individual employee needs.It is the thesis of this paper that HRM will overlay to be an important element in achieving organizational success in the years to come. What makes one organization successful whereas another fails to make use of the same opportunities? For our purposes, the key to continued survival and organizational success lies not in the rational, quantitative approaches, but increasingly in a commitment to things like people, employee involvement, and commitment. Success for the organizations of today and tomorrow is being increasingly seen as dependent on effective HRM.Effective HRM positively affects performance in organizations, both large and small. Human resources management is the term increasingly used to refer to the philosophy, policies, procedures, and practices related to the management of an organizations employees. While a spacious deal of research has been devoted to identifying the sources of workplace adjudicate and its links to adverse health and organizational sequels, little has been done to focus on interventions to improve working environments.In reviewing the practice overall of punctuate legal community and intervention at the workplace, three conclusions may be drawn. First, although there is a considerable amount of activeness in the field of focal point management, it is disproportionally concentrated on reducing the make of nisus, sooner than reducing the presence of stressors at work. (Kahn & Byosiere, 1992) To put it differently, stress management activities focus on secondary and tertiary prevention, rather than primary prevention.Whereas the latter involves interventions aimed at eliminating, reducing or altering stressors in the working situation, the former two are aimed at the effects of stress, with secondary prevention concerning the helping of employees (who are already showing signs of stress) from getting sick (for example, by increasing their coping capacity) and tertiary prevention concerning treatment activities for employees with serious stress-related health problems (for example, stress counseling/employee assistance programmers, the rehabilitation after long-term absenteeism).Second, most activities are primarily aimed at the individual rather than at the workplace or the organization, in other words, a worker-oriented approach, for instance, by improving employees skills to manage, resist or reduce stress, as opposed to a transaction or organization-oriented approach, for instance, by job redesign or in some way changing the collective culture or management style.Moreover, as Kahn and Byosiere (1992) dissolve in their literature review Even the programs that aim at stress inhibition tend to address subjective rather than objective aspects of the stress rate almost none consider the organizational antecedents (policy and building) that intensify or reduce the presence of objective stressors (p. 633).A third peculiarity in the practice of stress prevention concerns the lack of a systematic risk assessment (stress audit, identifying risk factors and risk groups) as considerably as of serious research into the effects of all these activities (Kahn and Byosiere, 1992). In the words of Kahn and Byosiere (1992) The programs in stress management that are sold to companies show a suspicious pattern of variance they differ more by practitioner than by company.When practitioners in any field offer sovereign remedies regardless of the presenting symptoms, patients should be wary (p. 23). Against the background of (1) clear evidence of the relationship amid psychosocial work characteristics and health , (2) national and international legislation that put the emphasis on risk assessment and combating risks by changing the stressful situation, and (3) the basic military issue of prevention, that is, eliminating the stress producing situation (prevention at the source), the current practice of stress prevention an d intervention seems disappointing.Given the current status of stress prevention, a question that deserves attention is why it is that companies express a preference for post hoc individual-directed interventions, as opposed to primary or job/organizational interventions. At least four factors seem to contribute to this rather one-sided individual-oriented approach 1 Senior managers are often inclined to blame personality and lifestyle factors of employees who are absent from work or report health complaints, rather than the job or organizational factors, for which they are responsible.Senior management also often point to the potential role of stressful life events (family problems such as a divorce or the loss of a beloved), or responsibilities and obligations in the family life (raising children for example). Of course, on the micro- aim (i. e. on the level of the individual employee) stressors at work are often accompanied by stressors in ones family situation, but because of t he mutual influence and spill-over between both domains, the causes and consequences can just be disentangled.Furthermore, holding individual characteristics responsible for differences in experienced stress, one cannot explain why some occupations show significantly more stress complaints and higher(prenominal) sickness absence rates than others. A risk attached to this view is that the employee is regarded as being guilty of his or her own health problems, that is blaming the victim, with the potential threat in the workplace being overlooked. 2 The second actor may be found in the nature of psychology itself, with its emphasis on subjective and individual phenomena. umpteen psychology-oriented stress researchers are primarily interested in stress as a subjective and individual phenomenon. To some extent, this may be a legacy of the good tradition in psychology to focus on individual differences (i. e. differential psychology), and on individual counseling and therapy (i. e. cli nical psychology). In this context, a warning seems appropriate against psychologism, that is, the explanation of (a sequence of) societal events from an individual-psychic point of view.Because of this orientation, the potential impact of more objective or collective risk factors in the work situation (e. . suffering management, work-overload and bullying), may go unnoticed and untreated. In stress research, there is a gap between what theory preaches (that is, properly designed longitudinal studies, involving a randomized carry group, collecting both subjective and objective measures that are analyzed properly with statistical techniques), and what is possible in practice. One of the main reasons for this gap is the difficulty of conducting methodological sound interventions and evaluation studies in an ever-changing organizational environment.In the 1990s, not only the context of work is rapidly changing, but also work itself. Work organizations are in a constant state of chang e, due, in part, to new production concepts (for example, team based work, lean production methods, telework), the flexible workforce concept, the 24-hour economy, the increased utilization of information technology, and the changing structure of the work force (for example, more women working). These changes clearly affect the work behavior of employees, work group processes, as well as the organizational structure and culture.As a consequence, it is practically impossible to find two companies with comparable stress problems at the beginning of any intervention programme, of which the control company agrees not to undertake any action for a period of three or four years (the period a researcher might like to take away for an intervention project). A related problem is that it is often not in a companys interest to facilitate sound scientific research in the context of an on-going business, involving interlopers from outside (i. e. researchers) and detailed data collection on the scene of sometimes confidential information.Senior managers can regard research of this kind as a nuisance to the primary organizational processes and objectives. 4 A fourth factor may be found in the discipline segregation within stress research, with a tendency of researching to neglect the collection of more objective data on the impact of stress and its prevention. Work and organizational psychologists concentrate primarily on soft outcome variables (e. g. motivation, satisfaction, effect and health complaints), and are well-known for their questionnaire-oriented approach. Traditionally, it has been observed that stress researchers are reluctant to co-operate with economists.For instance in parliamentary law to study the potential hard outcome measures (that would accept productivity, sickness absence rates and accident rates), as well as the financial effects of interventions. To put it differently, a history of gaining empirical incursion in costs and benefits is merely la cking in stress research. Research in the field should in the future include some of the following first, stress researchers should not only address soft outcome variables (for example, motivation and satisfaction), but extend their focus to also include hard outcome variables (for example, productivity and sickness absenteeism).Whereas work and organizational psychologists have often stated that an adequate stress prevention programme may positively affect productivity and sickness absenteeism, until now they have not laid down a sufficiently strong empirical foundation for this position. For too long, stress prevention advocates have based their arguments on a incorrupt or humanistic appeal to the good employer (that is, on industrial charity), or on legal regulations (for example, working conditions legislation). It is beyond doubt that these are important and strong arguments.Still, it may well be that they are not enough, since these arguments are not those that primarily affe ct senior management, who are more bottom line driven. Second, in order to increase the impact of stress prevention in the workplace, more emphasis should be placed on such factors as the quality of product and services, organizational flexibility, continuity, absenteeism, productivity, labor market facets and improved competitivity and for there to be a multi-disciplinary approach rather than the traditional mono-disciplinary one (for example, co-operation with economists and ergonomists).And finally, the demonstration of examples of good preventive practice is considered as a sine qua non for developing effective stress prevention procedures and for the involvement of both social partners in this field (i. e. employers and employees). Stress has always been a topic of concern for business and industry. Health educators, in response to this concern, have offered a variety of stress management or stress reduction programs. However, McGehee points out that her watchword is not about what stress is or how stress can be managed or the latest research in stress management.The literature on these topics is full and easy to locate. Rather, she is concerned with the nature of stress management programs inside companies that have decided to make stress management a part of their employee development. Her discussion includes the reason behind a management program, the format of stress management programs, the selection of a stress management program, work issues and stress management, and the management of the stress response. Although stress has been a constant concern, a serious and growing problem in industry today is burnout.Klarreich relates his health education program on burnout, which was extremely well received in his organization. He describes the nature of burnout, the myths associated with this phenomenon, and the societal and familial influences that contribute to this problem. He delineates a number of steps to put out the fire. These include self-appr aisal, conversion of expectations, communication to establish social support, and determination of a behavioral option. He indicates that the healthy employee of the future will be a hardy employee. Achieving excellence in the workplace has become the passion of most North American corporations.Pulvermacher presents a unique health education program, which he delivers as a workshop, to many corporate employees. He states that pursuing excellence requires the application of several fundamental skills. He reviews effective goal setting strategies, methods for avoiding the trap of perfectionism, techniques for managing self-defeating attitudes and beliefs, harnessing stress advantageously, increasing ones self-discipline, managing negate constructively, and communicating effectively. A variety of reasons for implementing stress management programs are ascribed to by the companies currently doing so.The major reasons include reducing health costs, improving productivity, and boosting employee morale. In many cases, stress management is part of a wellness program. Stress-related disorders, including certain headaches, stomach disorders, chronic muscular pain, cardiac and respiratory conditions, and psychosomatic complaints have been linked to a large percentage of doctors office visits and hospital tests and admissions. One goal of stress management programs is to provide alternate ways to respond to stress, to prevent potential disorders, and in conclusion to reduce health costs.Stress level has been found to be linked to worker productivity. At maintain amounts of stress, performance is at its highest. Stress in moderate amounts, such as from reasonable deadlines, a focus on quality, rational performance rating systems, a system of accountability, often motivates performance. When stress rises to higher levels and a number of stressors are affecting the individual, performance deteriorates. At times of high stress, an individual is not as effective in solvin g problems, and on-the-job performance is negatively affected.The goal of stress management programs in this case is to provide ways in which employees can cope better with increasing stress and continue to perform well on the job. Stress management programs are usually popular with employees. Attendance at talks and workshops shows that the topic is a popular one. Many companies decide to implement these programs as morale boosters because they cant hurt anything. Stress management has become an integral part of most preventive medicine programs. These programs attempt to include education and training in a variety of ways so that the employees can safeguard their health.

Business Report

It is specialized in the selling of clothing, home products and luxury food products. Indeed, the company bear itself on quality products for well off customers. It Is employing much that 85 81 3 soulfulness all everyplace the institution In 2014 and got a derangement retailer market. II. Findings A. Structure Over its development M&S has changed of structure. It became over the years, a embrace structure organization. Employees got more responsibilities that enable them to take quick decision. They essential be prepared to explain and Justify the decision they take.In graze to development that structure, M&S has given more importance to the development of employees careers by confine up training and reviewing of skills in concussion session between employees. to a greater extentover, employees are able to constitute a career planning profile that enables them to focus on their next target role. It shows how M is supporting the development of skills within the company. T he aim of this strategy is to hold evolve without interruption the skills of employees and by this improve performance of the company.It brings benefits to both parts for they own development. By training and developing its staff well, Marks & Spencer is in a position to develop a competitive advantage over its competitors. M success is due to its guiding principles Inspiration generating new ideas that excite customers, enthuse batch and enhance traffic. Innovation focusing on continuous improvement, pushing boundaries and encouraging experimentation. Integrity doing the right thing, not the easy thing building trust and reinforcing our reputation.In push understanding whats important to customers, the communities in which it works. M&S is to a fault engaged a Policy of Equal Opportunities Policy in order to diversify employees. They recruit an environment free from discrimination, harassment to ensure everyone equality of chance to achieve their dominance. All employmen t decision is objective based on work criteria and various(prenominal) merit. M&S try to maximize personal and commercial message opportunities. M&S think that employees need to be well rewarded for the work.Thats why they developed a reward package thats proven to attract, motivate and retain the better(p) deal. This package include Pay Checking salaries against other companies to make sure of the competitiveness of M&S. Moreover, scanty performance is rewarded by increasing pay to recognize unmarried achievements. Employee discount Every employee gets a 20 % discount on all in snap and online purchase. Holiday- Employees get a minimum of 28 days statutory holiday per year. Bonus M give out bonus when the company has good profit.Business ReportAs a world-leading augmentative company of Australia and realized in 1985, Jurlique has expanded its customers at a staggering rate recently. I have used its products for many years and am one of its loyal customers. Although Jurliq ue has conducted its subscriber linees beyond Australia and gradually penetrated into many other countries, it neglects an imperative country that bed contribute to boost its sales and profits significantly, that is to say chinaware. Because Jurlique has not entered into Chinese market, every prison term I come back to China, my relatives and friends always will ask me to bring them its products.Therefore, I am thinking whether Jurlique can expand its businesses into Chinese market so that its loyal customers can purchase its products conveniently and easily. It is widely know that the approximately unique quality of Jurlique is its natural elements in products. Almost all the other cosmetic products contain various chemical compositions that may authorizationly have subtle negative influence on customers. However, Jurlique plants stark materials that its products need on its own and provides fine and natural materials for its products, so that these products are environmen tal friendly.Due to such unique character, Jurlique gradually attracts more and more loyal customers. Thus, for Jurlique, operating its businesses in China becomes increasingly necessary. With Chinese cheap labour, Jurlique can establish factory in China to manufacture its products. And with the assistance of excellent marketing strategies, there is no doubt that Jurlique can achieve huge success in Chinese market. Executive Summary Jurlique can select China to be its target country. As an emerging country, China has the highest GDP growth around the world.This situation means that there are legion(predicate) opportunities for various companies to conduct their businesses in this emerging market. Hence, Jurlique can profit from these numerous opportunities by operating its businesses there. Furthermore, owning the rotundst population around the world, there is no denying that China has significant potential for digesting the products of Jurlique. To be more specific, Chinese peopl e are more affluent than before. It is universally acknowledged that during the economic crisis period, Chinese people contribute the most to continue flourishing luxury industry.And Chinese women lay more emphasis on their faces than before, thereby providing enormous opportunity for cosmetic industry. Consequently, China is an extremely appropriate choice for Jurlique to expand its business. Because Jurlique is a famous brand around the world and and belongs to high-end products. Therefore, it mainly targets its customers in China at affluent people. Although affluent people only account for small part of the whole Chinese people, due to the large population base, there are still a large number of Chinese people to spend money on its products. Jurlique can distribute its products in China mainly through two ways.The first one is online sales. The prevalent online shopping phenomenon in China can help Jurlique reach the most potential customer. The other one is set up counters in shopping malls, which is the most frequent places people go to buy cosmetics. Campaign Strategy It has been mentioned that the main potential customers of Jurlique are affluent women. And those women in the main live in such big cities as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and so on. Therefore, Jurlique can start its business from the Chinese fashion city, namely Shanghai. It is widely known that Shanghai women usually spend more time and money than others on makeup.And then this company can gradually penetrate its business into other cities and take full advantages of Chinese market to expand its businesses, thereby achieving high profits. Undeniably, the giant influence of advertisement can not be unheeded and therefore the first step of starting Jurliques business should be effective advertising. Firstly, appropriate slogan should be made. Because the unique quality of Jurlique is its natural and pure raw material and the main function of its products is make women be beautiful and ch arming, the brand slogan can be for your natural beauty.As to advertisement, Chinese people should be its models in order to show people directly that products of Jurlique can beautify not only western people but also east people. In order to boost its sales effectively and smoothly, Jurlique should conduct some promotions in accordance with local culture. And the most effective promotional method should be advertising (Gabriel, Kottasz, Bennett, 2006). There are a host of ways can be used for advertising. The most effective one is TV advertising. To be more precise, there are numerous fashion programs on TV now and they attract a vast number of fashion people to be their audience.More importantly, some TV stations even specially set up a fashion channel to broadcast fashion related programs. As a consequence, by advertising on these channels, Jurlique can effectively and efficiently cover its target customers as many as possible. Additionally, Jurlique also can advertise on fashio n magazines. These magazines have the same target customers as Jurlique and therefore can effectively and efficiently deliver its information to customers. Another advertising way is billboards.They generally should be established in subway station (Low, Mohr, 2000), because in China, the majority of white-collars who can be potential customers of Jurlique are prone to take subway when acquire off work. During the time of waiting for trains, people usually have nothing to do. If there are some gorgeous billboards in front of them, they are habituated to staring at these billboards to appreciate their fabulous content. And them, these people may be motivated in large distance to buy the advertised products. In order to make Jurlique operate smoothly in China, this company also should consider the timeline and costs of its expansion.As to timeline, Jurlique can start its business from Shanghai. About several months later, its business can be expanded to Beijing, and then other big c ities. Turning to cost, it is one of the most crucial parts for company, because it relates to its profits. For cosmetic business, advertisements usually occupy the most costs, because gorgeous and luxury advertising contents can contribute to consolidate its high-end position and the high price can offset increased cost in advertisement (Mitchel, 1985). As a result, Jurlique can allocate more money on advertising costs than other aspects.Business ReportIt is specialized in the selling of clothing, home products and luxury food products. Indeed, the company concentrate itself on quality products for well off customers. It Is employing more that 85 81 3 person all over the world In 2014 and got a turnover retailer market. II. Findings A. Structure Over its development M&S has changed of structure. It became over the years, a flatter structure organization. Employees got more responsibilities that enable them to take quick decision. They must be prepared to explain and Justify the dec ision they take.In order to development that structure, M&S has given more importance to the development of employees careers by set up training and reviewing of skills in concussion session between employees. Moreover, employees are able to create a career planning profile that enables them to focus on their next target role. It shows how M is supporting the development of skills within the company. The aim of this strategy is to make evolve without interruption the skills of employees and by this improve performance of the company.It brings benefits to both parts for they own development. By training and developing its staff well, Marks & Spencer is in a position to develop a competitive advantage over its competitors. M success is due to its guiding principles Inspiration generating new ideas that excite customers, enthuse people and enhance business. Innovation focusing on continuous improvement, pushing boundaries and encouraging experimentation. Integrity doing the right t hing, not the easy thing building trust and reinforcing our reputation.In Touch understanding whats important to customers, the communities in which it works. M&S is also engaged a Policy of Equal Opportunities Policy in order to diversify employees. They promote an environment free from discrimination, harassment to ensure everyone equality of opportunity to achieve their potential. All employment decision is objective based on work criteria and individual merit. M&S try to maximize personal and commercial opportunities. M&S think that employees need to be well rewarded for the work.Thats why they developed a reward package thats proven to attract, motivate and retain the best people. This package include Pay Checking salaries against other companies to make sure of the competitiveness of M&S. Moreover, extra performance is rewarded by increasing pay to recognize individual achievements. Employee discount Every employee gets a 20 % discount on all in tore and online purchase. Hol iday- Employees get a minimum of 28 days statutory holiday per year. Bonus M give out bonus when the company has good profit.

Nature of Humanity Portrayed in Hamlet Essay

The destiny of man is to become progressively less clement and much humane, less compulsive and more creative, less instinctive and more intuitive, less material and more spiritual. Mans destiny is to always become more fully divine. Hamlet shows human personality to be greedy, self-centered and vengeful. Claudius is driven by his have greed to commit murder. Polonius is always looking out for himself. Hamlet thinks of vengeance from the moment he finds out about Claudius killing his father. Human nature has been alone of these things, but it has also substituted through the ages.We can be cruel, but we can also show great compassion and kindness. Claudius kills his cause brother so that he can claim the crown and the Gertrude. He strings rid of a correct king to satisfy his greed. He kills his own brother, the good of the country, and the happiness of most of the characters in the play to fulfill his desire of being king. He cares only for himself. Most people at one poi nt or another will be driven by greed. Most humans will not have the desperation that Claudius shows in Hamlet. Greed is part of all everyone.Its just they way people choose to deal with that feeling or if they feel is what separates many from Claudius. They see something they want and they tell themselves that it is only what they deserve. It is indispensable but we can control it to a certain degree I think. Polonius shows the characteristic of human nature that is self-concern. He is always looking for ways to get closer to the king. He sacrifices his own daughters happiness so that he can prove his theories about Hamlets madness to the king. egocentrism is another trait that humans cannot seem to avoid. People are constantly thinking about themselves and how things are going to affect their lives. They care deeply for their own well being. Certainly they think about others occasionally, but their own person is always number one in their minds. Vengefulness is yet another human trait. Hamlets entire character is changed by his revenge. He starts out as a calm smart young man but the request for vengeance corrupts him, where he is driven only by his need for pay back.Hamlet shows how the desire for vengeance that humans experience can completely change a persons very being, making them totally single-minded. Every person experiences a need for revenge in his or her life but the power to winnow out that feeling shows a lot more. In the beginning when man lived in caves and used rocks for tools. During this time man had no use for emotions or how his actions would affect psyche else, just the will to survive. Mans nature was to protect himself and his family, and to just live. As man has changed so has his nature.For a certain period human nature involved greed, self-concern, and vengeance. But man has come a long way since then. Along with change came a wanting for nabing and justice. I think Shakespeare was laborious to show us is how basic human natur e is and that acting spontaneously on those emotions does not solve anything. I believe when you grow older and learn upon your decisions many find that doing the opposite of these instinctive feelings prove to have better outcomes. So I do agree that human nature is instinctively and inherently bad but you have the potential to change that.

Samson in the Bible

shits life was filled with adventure as God blessed him and gave him military posture to become one of the judges of Israel. Yet, he squandered either of his potentials and abdicated his responsibilities as a judge of Israel because he became proud of his strength and disobeyed God. Samsons parents came from the tribe of Dan in Israel. Although his mother was sterile, she conceived Samson as a result of direct intervention from God. Even at a little age, the spirit of God was already evident in the life of Samson. This happened at a time when the Israelites were not following the statutes and the decrees of God.Samson was to become one of the foregoing of the people and deliver them from oppression of foreigners. God gave Samson im mense strength. While he was on the road one day, he encountered a lion, which he killed with his beam hands. Such was his strength that his potentials were definitely from God. Yet, Samson had one fatal flaw his weakness for women. Because of wome n, he disobeyed the will of his parents and eventually was led away from his calling as a judge of Israel. The first occasion when he displayed this weakness was when he saw a Philistine woman and became obsessed with her.He engaged into a riddle with a hefty sum of properties as prize with the men of Ashkelon. The men, however, coaxed his wife to reveal the answer to them. Because Samson was so angry, he killed a nap of the men in that place. When he also learned that his wife was given to another man, he wrought havoc against the fields of the Philistines. As a result, the Philistines came against him. As a result, he set a trap for them. He allowed himself to be bound. But later on, he managed to get away from the rope and kill the men who went against him. His victory against the Philistines was brought about by God.Samson even saw a source of water when he was already very thirsty. After the incident with the Philistines, he became enamored with a prostitute and the men of the town decided to trap him in that place. Yet, his great strength aided him against their trap and managed to get away from them. The turn point in Samsons life was his love affair with Delilah. Little did he know that Delilah was being used by his enemies all over again. He did not learn from his previous experiences and instead allowed his emotions and passions to cloud his wits.Not even once did he suspect Delilah to be the undercover agent of his enemies. So great was his obsession for Delilah that he revealed the secret of his strength with her after several prodding. The end result was his imprisonment and being cut make from his family and his country. During his imprisonment, Samson called out to God during his distress and asked Him to bless him with strength although his hair was no longer long. God granted his request and for a final time, Samson brought havoc and destruction to the enemies of his people. Samson knew his calling as a judge.As a man, he was always aggress ive and on the lookout for the next smasher to pursue. Perhaps, the reason why he behaved the way he did is that he was looking for adventure and he thought he will find it in the weaponry of the women that he loved. Perhaps he fell easily in love and after that, he became blinded to that love. A lot of people are just now like Samson. They have great potentials and strength. They know that they are called to do good for God and their people. Yet, they choose to go their own way, choose their own paths that eventually lead to destruction.When people start doing as Samson did, they become blinded to whatever it is that they fall in love withmoney, fame, power, other peopleand forget about their boot in life. The end result is disaster and ensnarement with the effects and consequences of such choices. Some author may have considered Samson as a sociopath with anti-social reputation disorder. This may seem to account for his aggressive behavior, his deceit, impulsiveness and even violence. Although this analysis may seem scientific and related to psychology, but Samsons personality and impulses is comparable to what most individuals encounter.Samson was aware of Gods calling in his life and he even calls out to God when he is deeply in need. Yet, like most men, he has lust for women and he is doing what he can to impress them and win them over. Likewise, he tends to be boastful and arrogant of the strength that he has, a trait which a lot of men display. Another possible reason why he engaged in his acts was lone epithelial ductss. Calling that antisocial king seem more scientific. Yet, men who experience loneliness may try prostitution and other act just to get over with it.The bottom line is that Samson is an individual who was given immense strength and the potential to lead his people and overthrow the oppressors of his nation. Yet, because of his obsession with women, his lust, his aggressiveness and impulsiveness, he did not fulfill the division pre pared for him. Individuals all over the world display just the same kind of attitudes and recklessness. The end result of such attitude and actions is an array of consequences and difficult circumstances. From Samson, individuals may learn that pursuing ones passions and obsessions lead to harm.

Food Microbiology

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background Food is virtuoso of human sources of calorie, protein, fats, and nutrition. Yet, because of the highly nutritious content, sustenance is nonimmune to product of microorganisms. By the presence of microorganisms in aliment, the fodder is more(prenominal) likely to put on shorter shelf life. Thus, to the highest degreely it is resolved by the addition of healthful substances to nourishment, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as condiments and protectives. Condiments and preservatives could inhibit the issue of microorganisms or up to now destroyed them, as they have disinfectant agents.Some examples of condiments and preservatives argon ginger, clove, sodium benzoate, ail, and cilantro seed. The factors contributing in the pieceiveness of condiments and preservatives in inhibiting the maturation of microorganisms atomic number 18 the concentration of the disinfectant, temperature, characteristic of the microorganisms and food, retentiveness time. As different instances of microorganisms have different shelter toward the healthful substance, it is important to understand the characteristic of the microorganisms towards the disinfectant agent.There argon 2 types of resistance intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance. There be round shapes of observing the capacity of the condiments in inhibiting the developing of microorganisms. In the experiment, the method utilise is surface dispersion method, which employ different type of condiments and added into holes of agar, where by the curtailment zone by the condiments could be observed. The larger the banning zone, the more stiff the condiment was in inhibiting the increment of microorganisms. 1. 2 Objectives By conducting the experiment, students be expected to learn and observe he tellingness of disinfectant substance consisted in condiments and special K sorbate towards the growth of microorganisms. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REV IEW 2. 1 antimicrobials Referring to Volk and Wheeler (1993), germicides be the substances that be utilise to inhibit or crop up pathogenic or non-pathogenic microbes. Antimicrobials be likewise often used as sanitizers and preservatives. Sanitizer is an agent to decrease the amount of microorganisms to the accept adapted level. It is gener tout ensembley used in food processing equipments. Antimicrobials be grouped into inseparcapable antimicrobials and chemical substance antimicrobials.According to Fardiaz (1992), antimicrobials may be microstatic, which is inhibitory to the growth of microbes, and microcidal, which mood of life able to kill microbes. Fruit extract is one to the highest degree susceptible food materials and thus, is often added with preservatives, particularly chemical preservatives, stored at low temperature, or pasteurized. Pasteurization is a heating process at 63? C for thirty minutes. This process is aimed to preserve the stability of the food m aterials (Buckle et al. , 1987). The growth of microbes idler be controlled by using various methods, namely physical method, chemical method, and immunological method.The control of microorganism growth is performed to kill the microbes, to inhibit the microbes, and to destroy the microbes. Physical controls crapper be performed by sterilization with heating or shaft of light and filtering. Chemical controls passel be carried out by using chemical antimicrobial intensifys, such as disinfectants and preservatives. Whereas immunological controls provide be performed by vaccination (Batzing, 2002). 2. 2 Active Antimicrobial Compounds in Spices 2. 2. 1 Garlic Garlic come from the onion family and are an erect biennial herb, which grow annually. It has irregular roots, condensed, shape step and narrow and has lat leaves. Garlics bulb consists of 6 to 35 bulblets called cloves which enclosed in a thick whitish, glistening, and transparent covering (Anonym1, 2000). According to An kri and Mirelman (1999), ail or Allium sativum or lahsoon in Indian name is an edible plant, which has been generating a lot of interest as a medicinal panacea and a cure for a across-the-board variety of different conditions since the human history has begun. It is reported to have anticancer effects and to reduce blood lipids in human body. Figure 2. 1 shows the approximate make-up of fresh garlic. Figure 2. The approximate stem of fresh garlic Source Ahmad (1996) The active compound form in garlic cloves which have an unusual concentration of sulfur- stockpileing compounds (1-3%) is called allicin. It is a volatile molecule, which is poorly miscible in aqueous solution, and has a strong typical odor of crushed garlic. Chemically, allicin can be synthesized by loopy oxidation of diallyl disulfide as stateed in Figure 2. 1. It is to be noticed in Figure 2. 2 that at that place is a compound called alliin which is a abiding precusor, that after depart be converted to alli cin by enzyme called alliinase present in cloves too.Moreover, alliinase is surprisingly found in large amounts in cloves, which is about 10% of the fare protein content. Practically, allicin is produced when garlic cloves are cut into or crushed (Ankri and Mirelman, 1999) Figure 2. 2 Generation of allicin in a garlic clove Source Ankri and Mirelman (1999) According to Ankri and Mirelman (1999), there are several biological activities in allicin such as its performance as an antioxidant and its ability to attack the sulphur (SH) groups in enzymes and proteins while modifying their activities as well.Furthermore, allicin can quick penet straddle into carrells through the booth membranes. In its pure form, allicin has been reputed to exhibit anti bacteriuml practise against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterium, for instance Escherichia coli that is known to be a multidrug-resistant pull inotoxicogenic strains, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Kle bsiella, Proteus, vitamin B, and Clostridium. It also has antifungal exercise that maintains the formation of mycotoxins such as the aapartmentoxin of genus Aspergillus parasiticus.Allicin has shown the anticandida activity towards and is effective against the group species of Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum at only low concentration since it inhibits both the germination of spores and the formation of hyphae. Referring to Dobre et al. (2011), allicin can also attack Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penecillium species, which are trus cardinalrthy for food poisoning and food decay.The main chemical mechanism of the antimicrobial activity in allicin is the inhibition of authentic thiol-containing enzymes in the microorganisms by the super fast reaction of thiosulfinates with thiol groups, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase, and RNA polymerase that later will claim the shopping centrey metabolism of cysteine proteinase activit y. The reason why microbial cadres are highly handsome to allicin is probably because the lack of glutathione (thiol molecules such as trypanothione) which runs of lack of the ability to reactivate the pivotal SH-enzymes that are thiolated by allicin (Ankri and Mirelman, 1999). . 2. 2 Coriander Coriander or Coriandrum sativum L. is originated from the Mediterranean region and has the appearance of flat shape in the one side while slightly pointed shape is found in the former(a) side. Coriander seed has various lengths between 3 to 5 mm with brown color in ripe state (Sarkar, 2012). Accodring to Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn (2010), it has been traditionally used as an analgesic, aphrodisiac, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antispasmodic, circulatory stimulant, and antidiabetic. Beside that, coriander seed is known to have effect in lowering cholesterol. display panel 2. shows the composition of coriander seed. bow 2. 3 The coriander seed composition in 1 tsp Total Fat 0. 9g 1% Saturated Fat 0. 00g 0% Monounsaturated Fat 0. 7g unsaturated Fat 0. 1g Cholesterol 0mg 0% Sodium 2mg 0% Total Carbohydrates 2. 7g 1% Dietary Fiber 2. 1 g 8% Protein 0. 6g Vitamin A 0% Vitamin C 2% Calcium 4% Iron 5% Source Sarkar (2012) The precise volatile compounds acting as antimicrobial compounds have not been examined clearly boulder clay now, although there are some volatile compounds suggested to be the antimicrobial compound inside coriander which are (2E) hexenal and (3E) hexenal (Kubo et al. , 2004).They are reported to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are foodinnate(p)e pathogenic bacteria. It also exhibits bactericidal activity and is reported to have an effective antibacterial. The mechanism of the activity of coriander is membrane detriment causing electric carrel death to the bacteria (Silva et al. , 2011). Ho wever, according to genus Uma et al. (2009), coriander seems to not having an effective antifungal activity and its activity toward yeast have not thus far been examined further. 2. 2. 3 Black PepperBlack pelt (Pipper nigrum) is a condiment that has been used since ancient times and is native to India. Black capsicum is useful for treatment of various sicknesses such as vertigo, asthma, fever and also cholera. The volatile oil of foul pepper has been shown to have antimicrobial activity as well (Karsha and Lakshmi, 2009). The major antimicrobial compund found in obscure pepper are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (Davidson et al. , 2005). According to Karsha and Lakshmi (2009), black pepper shows strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus faecalis.Gram-negative bacteria such as genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli are affected as well, although the effect on gram-pos itive bacteria is better. The mechanism of the antimicrobial activity appears to be loss of control over cell membrane permeability. According to Singh et al. (2004), black pepper has antifungal activity as well as it is effective in breaker pointping the growth of molds such as Fusarium graminearum. Black pepper is also shown to be able to inhibit the growth of yeast such as Candida albicans (Joe et al. , 2009). 2. 2. 4 Potassium SorbatePotassium sorbate are currently one of the most widely used preservative and can be used to preserve foods, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Potassium sorbate may be manufactured as a powder or granules and has an antimicrobial potency of 74% compared to sorbic acerbic. The molecular weight of potassium sorbate is 150. 22 and is the most soluble form of sorbate compared to the others, such as calcium sorbate and sodium sorbate. Besides good solubility, potassium sorbate is also has good stability and easy to manufacture, making it the most used form of sorbate in food industry.Sorbate is precise effective when used against bacteria, molds, and yeasts. Yeasts stamp down by sorbate are Brettanomyces, Candida, Cryptococccus, Debaryomyces, Endomycopsis, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sporobolomyces, Torulaspora, Torulopsis, and Zygosaccharomyces. Molds species hold by sorbate are Alternaria, Ascochyta, Ascosphaera, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cephalosporium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Gliocladium, Helminthosporium,Heterosporium, Humicola, Monilia, Mucor, Penicillium, Phoma, Pepularia, Pestalotiopsis, Pullularia, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, Rosellinia, Sporotrichum, Trichoderma, Truncatella, Ulocladium, and others. time for bacteria, the species inhibited are Acetobacter, Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Alteromonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Lacto bacillus, Micrococcus, Moraxella, Mycobacterium, Pediococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Yersinia, and others (Davidson et al. , 2005). 2. 3Mechanism of Antimicrobials There exist some mechanisms of antimicrobial activity in inhibiting the growth of microbes. The antimicrobials are classified into cell border destructor, cell debate permeability intervention, destructor of proteins, nucleic harshs, and enzymes, antimetabolites, inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis, and cell plasmolysis (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Referring to Fardiaz and Betty (1989), the broken cell wall of microorganisms will cause the cell content to depart from the cell and thus, inhibit the cell metabolisms. arch destructions on the cell may cause the death of the cell.Lysozyme is one of the enzymes that are able to destruct the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. An enzyme produced by a bacterium might be able to inhibit the growth of other microbes. There is also a type of antimicrobials that is able to inhibit the formation of cell wall materials. These cells that do not have cell wall are called protoplast. Protoplast is very easily broken, that when placed in isotonic medium. Penicillin and cycloserin are examples of compounds that retard the formation of peptidoglycan in developing cell. Gram-positive bacteria are susceptible to penicillin as they have lots of peptidoglycans.The breaking of plasma membrane and leakage of cell content will inhibit the microorganism growth or even kill the microorganisms. The implication if the cell destruction is the enzymes will not be able to function properly in the cell metabolism. However, antimicrobials that interject the cell wall permeability are rarely used in food industries (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Compounds destructing the protein and nucleic acid are able to destroy cells. This type of destruction is unfixable. For instance, certain amount of alcohol and sodium chloride are able to denatur ate the proteins.Those two compounds are often used in food industries (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Antimetabolites are the compounds that are similar to natural metabolites. These antimetabolites will interrupt the metabolisms in the cell. The interruption of the metabolisms might retard the cell growth or even kill the cell. Furthermore, the synthesis of DNA and RNA may be inhibited by some antimicrobial compounds, namely the compounds that are able to retard the formation of nucleic acid arrangement and compounds that inhibit the nucleic acid polymerisation (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989).Plasmolysis or the breakage of a cell is caused by the high plasmolysis pressure. Materials that are often used in food to promote the cell plasmolysis are salt and sugar. Salt and sugar are considered to be able to increase the osmotic pressure in food materials therefore plasmolysis takes place (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). 2. 4 Antimicrobial sensitivity towards Microbial Defense Microorganisms have the ability to resist some types of antimicrobial substances. There are two types of resistance in microorganisms toward antimicrobial agents, such as intrinsic or natural resistance and acquired resistance.The antimicrobial agents in intrinsic resistance could not affect the microorganisms, as they have no target sites, which are the microorganisms, to affect. In contrary, in microorganisms that dont have the intrinsic resistance, the antimicrobial substance could gradually enter the microbial cell and affecting the activity of the microorganisms, as the microorganisms cell membrane have lower permeability to antimicrobial substance (Sosa et al. , 2010). Furthermore, in acquired resistance, the microorganisms are naturally vulnerable, as they need specific ways for preventing to be affected by the antimicrobial substances.Some examples of the specific ways are the presence of enzyme that has the ability to inactivate the antimicrobial agent, or alternative enzyme that has the ability to inhibit the activity of antimicrobial agent. Then, it also happens when there is mutation and post-transcriptional and posttranslational in the microorganisms that are the target of the antimicrobial agent. Thus, these will reduce the binding of the antimicrobial agent (Sosa et al. , 2010). Every microorganism has different sensitivity towards different type antimicrobial agents. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. is mostly used as seasoning condiment. According to Kubo et al. (2004), in the leaves of coriander, there are volatile oils that are suggested to have antimicrobial properties against food born pathogen, such as Salmonella species, which are gram-negative bacteria. Black pepper (Piper nigrum L. ) is used mostly in food as seasoning condiments. The aqueous and ethanolic extract of black pepper is very effective for inhibiting antibacterial activity agains penicillin G resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis (Chaudhry and Tariq, 200 6).According to Karsha and Lakshmi (2010) experiment, gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible towards antimicrobial in black pepper than gramnegative bacteria. In gram-positive bacteria, the most susceptible towards antimicrobial in black pepper is Staphylococcus and followed by Bacillus and Streptococcus. Furthermore, among gram-negative bacteria, the most susceptible towards antimicrobial in black pepper is Pseudomonas, followed by E. coli, Klebsiella and Salmonella. Garlic (Allium sativum) is commonly used for antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antihelmantic, antiseptic and anti-infamatory.Garlic extract is effevtive in inhibiting the microbial activity of both gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria. Several examples of the gram-negative bacteria are E. coli, Salmonella species and Citrobacter Enterobacter, Pseudomon, Kilabsella) and the gram-positive bacteria are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus, spp. , Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumonia convocation A streptococcus and Bacillus anthrax (Daka, 2011 Durairaj, 2009). Potassium sorbate is used as preservative in food as the sorbic acid is more effective than benzoic acid in preserving food. The preservation process occurs in higher pH.It is effective to inhibit the microbial activity of Pseudomonas species, which are categorized as gram-positive bacteria (Beuchat, 1980). Mostly, gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive towards antimicrobial agent than gram-negative bacteria (Torrence and Isaacson, 2003). 2. 5 Factors Affecting Microorganism Strength towards Antimicrobial Compounds The resistance of microbes towards particular antimicrobial compound is dependent on several factors that contained in that particular microbe such as the cell wall, protein content, nucleic acid, and membrane cell (Lay, 2002).There are several types of microbes that have cell walls, and an antimicrobial compound that can affect the mechanism of the cell wall that influence the microbial resistance. Anti- microbial compounds may interfere with the figure of the cell wall as well as peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which is the process in prokaryotic cell wall structure construction. Disruption of peptidoglycan may affect the resistance and sensitivity of microbes to changes in osmotic perspective (Lay, 2002). Microbes also contain nucleic acids.The nucleic acid can be affected by antimicrobial compunds where the enzymes that are dismissal to be used for the synthesis of nucleic acid are inhibited. The example is rifampin where it binds the enzyme RNA polymerase, quinolone as well as binding enzyme DNA gyrase (Lay, 2002). The resistance of microbes can be affected by the metabolism of the microbes. Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of essential molecules can be inhibited by antimetabolite. Antimetabolite is the antimicrobial that is used for inhibiting the growth of microbes. An example of antimetabolite is the sulfinylamide (Lay, 2002).In general, most living(a) cells including micro organisms has the ability to control what is going in and out of the membrane. If there is a rupture in the membrane, it will cause the spewage of the essential inorganic ions. Thus, rupture in the cell membrane can affect the growth and death of the microbes (Lay, 2002). 2. 6 Methods of Microbial Defense towards Antimicrobial Activity 2. 6. 1 Well spreading Method Well diffusion method is done by pouring the microbial suspension that is going to be tested into a sterile Petri dish continued by pouring the media agar into the dish. Then, the Petri dishes are mixed by the eight movement ethod to allow even mixing. The media is then allowed to be solidified and cynlidrical holes are made. The holes are then filled with antimicrobial agents to be tested. The cup was incubated at 37C for two days and then observed on the antimicrobial activity of the tested microbial suspension. Antimicrobial ingredients poured into the well are able to spread evenly as it can diffuse in all direction s round the microbial suspension. Once incubated, usually will form a straight circular zone of microbes. This method can be used to test several different types of antimicrobial agents. (Smith, 2005) 2. 6. Kirby Bauer Disc Method unity of the easy methods to test the vulnerability of organisms towards the antimicrobial agents is by inoculating the agar with culture and allowing the antimicrobes to diffuse to the media agar. The discs that contain antimicrobial agents are placed on the surface of the plate that has the organisms that are going to be tested. At particular distance on several(prenominal) discs, the antimicrobes will diffuse to a point where the antimicrobes are unable(p) to inhibit the microbial growth. Antimicrobial effectiveness is shown by the inhibition zones. Inhibition zone appears as clean field of honors that surround the disc.The diameter zone can be measured by using ruler and the prove of the experiment considered to be one antibiogram. (Smith, 2005) 2. 6. 3 MIC and MBC The antimicrobial activity can be observed by knowing the concentration of the antimicrobial agents that are going to be used by reducing the total critical number of bacteria that caused their death. MIC (minimum inhibitor concentration) from an antimicrobes can be known by providing the antimicrobial agents into two back-to-back dilutions in series tubes or can be done by well method in a media that has been inoculated with bacteria.Series tubes that have been filled with antimicrobial agents are incubated to see the growth of the bacteria and the turbidity is observed. The increase in turbidity indicates the growth of the microbes. MIC is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent where the grwoth can be inhibited completely. (Smith, 2005) MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) is the total number of antimicrobial agents that is required to kill organisms.MBC is done by taking a part from each serial tubes from the MIC that does not show any growth of the bacteria that has been incubated, The samples is taken from respective tubes that has been incubated in pour plate media. MBC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that are able to kill at to the lowest degree 99. 9% of the inoculums that has been incubated (Smith, 2005). 2. 7 Food Preservatives Preservatives are commonly used to prevent destruction of physical, chemical and microbiological food. Use of antimicrobial preservatives combined with other preservatives so that the preservation of the food will be maximized.According Fellows (2000), the criteria for antimicrobial preservative in food are the usage and is more efficient which when dissolved in water, stable in storage, non-toxic, low antimicrobial concentrations but has a wide range, optimum efficiency at fashion temperature, non-corrosive, odorless, and its high penetrative ability to the food. ground on its mechanism, the antimicrobial agent acts as the rupture of the cell wall When there is a ru pture on the cell wall, the cell contents will spill out thus inhibiting the metabolism of cells. The destruction of the cell wall can result in cell death.Lysozyme can damage the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. Penicillin and sikloserin inhibit the growth of peptidoglycan in the cell develops. Gram-positive bacteria is sensitive towards penicillin as the high level of peptidoglycan content. Damage to the cell wall would also cause damage to the plasma membrane (Fellows, 2000). NaCl and alcohol is often used to preserve food because it can cause denaturation of proteins and nucleic acids that can destroy the cell and cannot be repaired. While H2O2 is an antimicrobial that can destroy the enzyme activity of microbes.Compounds inhibiting the formation of nucleic acids and nucleic acid polymerization inhibitor compounds can inhibit the synthesis of both DNA and RNA. The use of salt and sugar can cause plasmolysis the microbial cell. Since the osmotic pressure on microbial too hig h, so that the cells undergo plasmolisis and can inhibit the growth of microbes (Fellows, 2000). Ascorbic acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria and molds in a way to inactivate the enzyme fatty acid dehydrogenase. Ascorbic acid can work optimally at a pH above 6. 5.Propionic acid is at its most effectiveness to inhibit molds and yeasts with maximal activity at pH above 5. Acetic acid as vinegar used to preserve bread in order to prevent mold contamination, but vinegar cannot inhibit the growth of yeasts. Acetic acid work optimally at low pH (acid). Ethylene oxide and propylene oxide can be used as a fumigant in spices and flour. Sodium or potassium nitrite and nitrate are commonly used for preservatives in meat products. Maximum working power of nitrite compounds is pH of about 57. Nitrite also serves to inhibit Clostridium botulinum, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Flavobacterium,Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Escherichia, and some micrococcus. Nitrites are heated simultaneously with foods will provide the growth inhibitory effect against microbes ten times greater than that of nitrite without heating (Fellows, 2000). CHAPTER III MATERIALS AND METHOD 3. 1 Materials and Equipments Equipments that are used in the experiment are balance, blender, grater, dilution bottle, autoclave, waterbath, refrigerator, vernier caliper, tip with the cuttop, sterile toothpicks, sterile petri dishes, micropipette, tip (10 ml and 100l), and Bunsens burner.Materials that are used are spices (black pepper, garlic, and coriander), potassium sorbate, alcohol, aquadest, bacteria culture (Bacillus subtilis), yeast culture (Candida tropicalis), mold culture (Aspergillus oryzae), PCA media, and NA media. 3. 2 Procedures 3. 2. 1 Extract Preparation 1. Spices were weighed up to 3 grams and reduced in size. 2. The spices were mixed with 10mL of ethanol into Erlenmeyer flasks. 3. 2. 2 Antimicrobial Assay 1. 1mL of culture is added into Petri plate 2. The matching medium is added into the Petri pla tes (NA for B. subtilis and PDA for A. ryzae and C. tropicalis) 3. The media were let to solidify. 4. Holes were made by using tips with cut-tops. 5. Mixtures of spices were added into the holes. 6. The plates were incubated were incubated for 48 hours in 37? C. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISSCUSION 4. 1 Effect of Antimicrobial Compounds Towards Microbial suppuration 4. 1. 1 Garlic Table 4. 1 utterance result of inhibitory activity by garlic From Table 4. 1, it can be seen that the microorganism that was the most susceptible to allicin contained in garlic, judging by the largest area inhibition, was Bacillus subtilis.There were even no growths in some Petri dishes that meant that the effectiveness of allicin as the antimicrobial compound could be found most when it was applied for bacteria, which was Bacillus subtilis in particular. It matched with the previous literature discussed stating that allicin is an active compound in garlic that attacks the cell membrane in microorganism. Ho wever, there was an error found in the experiment from Group 4, which resulted in no inhibition found from Bacillus subtilis. This might happen due to the absence of the allicin itself or the ontamination happened which might result in the building of the resistance towards antimicrobial compound. Afterwards, it can be seen from the experiment that Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae shared almost the same result, which means that they were also susceptible to allicin. The uneven inhibition found in Candida tropicalis showing the largest inhibition (7. 23mm) beyond the inhibition done for Bacillus subtilis might happen because of the uneven diffusion of the active antimicrobial compound to the dishes. It still matched the hypothesis since allicin has antibacteria and antifungal activity towards the species mentioned above.From the result, it can be reason out that garlic can be used as the antimicrobial compound in food to prevent foodborne disease and food poisoning. Howeve r, the concentration of garlic has to be concerned since it has strong odor and may be unpleasant to some people. 4. 1. 2 Coriander Table 4. 2 Observation result of inhibitory activity by coriander From Table 4. 2, it can be seen that coriander is found to be effective as an antimicrobial compound most in Bacillus subtilis, although some of the dishes showed no area of inhibitions.The disappearance of Bacillus subtilis in most of Petri dishes shown by no growth sign indicated that coriander worked best to inhibit bacteria. This result matched with the previous literature stating that coriander inhibits food pathogenic bacteria, especially Gram-positive bacteria. However, coriander has the least inhibition activity towards Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae was found to be less susceptible to the volatile compound in coriander acting as antimicrobial compound. There were almost no area of inhibition found in every petri dish, proving that coriander did not affect mold and yeas t.Since the literature stated that coriander has almost no antifungal activity and its activity toward yeast has not been examined, the result matched them. 4. 1. 3 Black Pepper Table 4. 3 Observation result of inhibitory activity by black pepper From the result of the experiment, it can be seen that black pepper is most effective when used against Bacillus subtilis, as many bacteria were inactivated, indicated by the area of clear zone, which in some plates, all of them doesnt grow at all and so the area of clear zone cant be measured.Aspergillus oryzae are quite susceptible as well to black peppers antimicrobial compound as the area of inhibition overall is large. While the most resistant microorganism from the experiment shown is Candida tropicalis, as the area of inhibition is comparatively small. From the surmisal, black pepper shows antimicrobial activity against bacteria, molds, and yeasts, but the strongest towards bacteria, especially Grampositive bacteria. The result of t he experiment matches the theory, as black pepper is very effective in stopping the growth of Bacillus subtilis, which is a Grampositive bacterium.It also inhibited the growth of Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae, so the result of the experiment matches the theory. 4. 1. 4 Potassium Sorbate Table 4. 4 Observation result of inhibitory activity by potassium sorbate From the result of the experiment, it can be seen that potassium sorbate is very effective in stopping the growth of Bacillus subtilis, as in some plates it inhibited the growth of all the bacteria and so the area of clear zone cant be measured. Antimicrobial activity can be seen as well towards Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae.According to the theory, potassium sorbate is very effective when used to inhibit the growth of bacteria, molds, and yeasts. The result of the experiment matches the theory, as potassium sorbate in this experiment is able to stop the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Candida tropicalis, a nd Aspergillus Oryzae. 4. 2 Microbial Defense Towards Antimicrobial Compounds 4. 2. 1 Bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) Table 4. 4 Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Bacillus subtilis in some condiments From the table 4. 4, it is shown that the most effective condiment in affecting the microbial defense of the Bacillus subtilis for its growth is arlic. Also, the least effective condiment for inhibiting the growth of Bacillus subtilis is coriander. According to the theory, garlic is effective for both Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria, thus the inhibition zone is larger. Also, coriander is effective in inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, as in the experiment the bacteria used was Gram-positive bacteria, thus, coriander is not effective in inhibiting Bacillus subtilis. The experiment result has shown the same result as the theory given. 4. 2. 2 Yeast (Candida tropicalis) Table 4. 5Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Candida tropicalis in some condimentsIn the table 4. 5, it s hown that the most effective condiment in affecting the microbial defense and microbial growth of Candida tropicalis is garlic and the least effective is coriander. According to the theory, garlic is used as antifungal and is the most effective one in inhibiting the growth of bacteria, molds and yeast. Thus, the inhibition zone of garlic is the largest. Also, as coriander is mostly effective in inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, the rate of inhibition of yeast is lower, so the inhibition zone is smaller. The experiment result has shown the exact result as the theory given. 4. 2. Molds (Aspergillus oryzae) Table 4. 6 Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Aspergillus oryzae in some condiments The experiment result has shown that the most effective condiment towards the inhibition zone in Aspergillus oryzae media is garlic and the least effective condiment is coriander. Referring to the theory, garlic is mostly used as antifungal and the most effective condiment used in the experimen t to inhibit the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast. Also, coriander is least effective in inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus oryzae as coriander is most effective in inhibiting gramnegative bacteria.In conclusion, the result of the experiment shows the same result as the theory given. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION Spices have different antimicrobial compounds able to inhibit the growth of various types of microorganisms. Based on the experiments, garlic, coriander, and black pepper have the most effective activity in inhibiting the growth of bacteria, or in this case Bacillus subtilis. However, coriander was proven to have no antifungal activity by the absence of inhibition zone on the Petri plates with yeast and molds, in this case Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae.In addition, potassium sorbate is effective to inhibit the growth of all types of micoorganisms in the experiment bacteria, yeast, and molds. The Bacillus subtilis bacteria, Candida tropicalis yeast, and Aspergillus o ryzae molds are most susceptible by the presence of garlic. This means that the garlic has the highest effectiveness in affecting the defense of bacteria, yeast, and molds. In contrast, the growth of bacteria, yeast, and molds is least affected by the presence of coriander.